Low-Carbohydrate (Ketogenic) Diet in Children with Obesity: Part 1-Diet Impact on Anthropometric Indicators and Indicators of Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance

Background: The ketogenic diet has been successfully used in the last 100 years in the treatment of epilepsy and other neurological disorders. In recent decades, it gained wider application in the treatment of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. However, there have been only a few studies on its use in children with obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Objectives: To determine the clinical and metabolic effects of a well-formulated low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diet in children with obesity. Methods: One hundred children with obesity and metabolic disorders underwent initial anthropometric, laboratory, and ultrasound examinations. They were placed on a well-formulated ketogenic diet and monitored for 4 months. The 58 patients who completed the study underwent follow-up examinations to assess the effects of the diet on anthropometric, clinical, and laboratory markers of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, cardiovascular risk factors, and certain hormone levels. Compliance with the diet, common difficulties in adhering to it, side effects, and positive changes in the patients' health were analyzed. Results: At the end of the study, the average weight loss for the entire group was 6.45 kg, with a reduction in BMI of 3.12 kg/m(2). Significant improvements were also observed in insulin resistance indicators, including fasting insulin levels, HOMA-IR index, QUICKI (p < 0.0001), and adiponectin (p = 0.04). The cases of hepatosteatosis decreased twofold, the number of patients with arterial hypertension was significantly reduced, as well as the number of children receiving antihypertensive therapy. Additionally, the number of patients meeting the criteria for metabolic syndrome decreased threefold. Conclusions: A well-formulated short-term ketogenic diet is effective in treating obesity, metabolic syndrome, and related comorbidities, and can be part of a comprehensive approach for these patients.