Marine protected areas of Africa: current challenges and future opportunities in conservation

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are central to Africa's efforts to conserve marine biodiversity and support sustainable development. This study adopts a scoping review approach, systematically identifying, appraising, and synthesizing relevant literature to inform decision-making. While it focuses primarily on Eastern Africa, the review incorporates insights from other African regions to provide a broader, continent-wide perspective. Through an in-depth examination of scholarly research and practical case studies, the study highlights key findings, persistent challenges, and future directions for enhancing MPA effectiveness. Emphasis is placed on the importance of innovative financing, robust governance, and international collaboration in advancing MPA outcomes. The review also explores the integration of socioeconomic dimensions, indigenous knowledge, and climate change adaptation strategies into MPA planning and management. Region-specific issues-including governance limitations, funding gaps, and the impacts of climate change-are critically examined. The study advocates for continuous research and adaptive management that leverages emerging scientific insights to address evolving threats. The conclusion synthesizes core findings, discusses their policy and practical implications, and proposes pathways for future research and strategic development. Ultimately, this review provides a comprehensive and evidence-based overview of the current status and future potential of MPAs in Africa.