Ethical considerations for the application of artificial intelligence in pediatric surgery

Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) has opened up new possibilities for enhancing patient outcomes, diagnostic accuracy, and advancing medical research. In particular, the integration of AI in pediatric surgery has broadened the horizons of the field. However, with these developments come important ethical considerations that must be at the forefront of AI integration into medicine. While AI is crucial for innovative developments, it brings with it the potential for ethical conundrums associated with its use in patient care. There have been advancements in the use of AI, including its incorporation with surgical robots to its utilization with (electronic medical record) EMR for data comparisons, AI is undoubtedly beneficial in many regards. However, particular considerations are specific to the field of pediatric surgery, including the consent process. Obtaining informed consent and guardian/ parental permission for child’s intervention is of utmost importance. It involves the patient (a minor with variable capacity to comprehend the indications or procedures), the parents or guardians, and the provider(s). Given that AI may play a significant role in the care provided, discussion of this involvement of AI in the generation of treatment plans or delivery of procedures, adds a layer of complexity to the consent process. This complexity should be considered through the lens of the ethical principles commonly associated with the practice of medicine such, justice, non-maleficence, beneficence and patient autonomy. Herein we explore the impact of AI into medicine and pediatric surgery from an ethical standpoint. We seek to critically evaluate the interplay of ethical principles with technological advancements while considering the implications for providers and patients.