A multifrequency study of sub-parsec jets with the Event Horizon Telescope

被引：2

作者：

Roeder, Jan ^{[1
,2
]}

Wielgus, Maciek ^{[1
,2
]}

Lobanov, Andrei P. ^{[1
]}

Krichbaum, Thomas P. ^{[1
]}

Nair, Dhanya G. ^{[1
,3
]}

Lee, Sang-Sung ^{[4
]}

Ros, Eduardo ^{[1
]}

Fish, Vincent L. ^{[5
]}

Blackburn, Lindy ^{[6
,7
]}

Chan, Chi-kwan ^{[8
,9
,10
,11
]}

Issaoun, Sara ^{[7
,12
]}

Janssen, Michael ^{[1
,13
]}

Johnson, Michael D. ^{[6
,7
]}

Doeleman, Sheperd S. ^{[6
,7
]}

Bower, Geoffrey C. ^{[14
,15
]}

Crew, Geoffrey B. ^{[5
]}

Tilanus, Remo P. J. ^{[8
,9
,13
,16
,17
]}

Savolainen, Tuomas ^{[1
,18
,19
]}

Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette ^{[16
,20
]}

Alberdi, Antxon ^{[2
]}

Baczko, Anne-Kathrin ^{[1
,21
]}

Gomez, Jose L. ^{[2
]}

Lu, Ru-Sen ^{[1
,22
,53
]}

Paraschos, Georgios F. ^{[1
]}

Traianou, Efthalia ^{[1
,2
]}

Goddi, Ciriaco ^{[23
,24
,25
,26
]}

Kim, Daewon ^{[1
]}

Lisakov, Mikhail ^{[27
]}

Kovalev, Yuri Y. ^{[1
,6
]}

Voitsik, Petr A.

Sokolovsky, Kirill V. ^{[28
]}

Akiyama, Kazunori ^{[5
,6
,29
]}

Albentosa-Ruiz, Ezequiel ^{[30
]}

Alef, Walter ^{[1
]}

Algaba, Juan Carlos ^{[31
]}

Anantua, Richard ^{[6
,7
,32
]}

Asada, Keiichi ^{[33
]}

Azulay, Rebecca ^{[1
,30
,34
]}

Bach, Uwe ^{[1
]}

Ball, David ^{[8
,9
]}

Balokovic, Mislav ^{[35
]}

Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha ^{[3
]}

Barrett, John ^{[5
]}

Bauboeck, Michi ^{[36
]}

Benson, Bradford A. ^{[37
,38
]}

Bintley, Dan ^{[39
,40
]}

Blundell, Raymond ^{[7
]}

Bouman, Katherine L. ^{[41
]}

Bremer, Michael ^{[42
]}

Brinkerink, Christiaan D. ^{[13
]}

机构：

[1] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

[2] CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Glorieta Astron S-N, E-18008 Granada, Spain

[3] Univ Concepcion, Dept Astron, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile

[4] Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daedeok Daero 776, Daejeon 34055, South Korea

[5] MIT, Haystack Observ, 99 Millstone Rd, Westford, MA 01886 USA

[6] Harvard Univ, Black Hole Initiat, 20 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[7] Harvard & Smithsonian, Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[8] Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[9] Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[10] Univ Arizona, Data Sci Inst, 1230 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[11] Univ Arizona, Program Appl Math, 617 N Santa Rita, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[12] NASA, Hubble Fellowship Program, Washington, DC 20546 USA

[13] Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Inst Math Astrophys & Particle Phys IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands

[14] Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 645 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA

[15] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Phys & Astron, 2505 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA

[16] Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, Postbus 2300, NL-9513 RA Leiden, Netherlands

[17] Netherlands Org Sci Res NWO, Postbus 93138, NL-2509 AC The Hague, Netherlands

[18] Aalto Univ, Dept Elect & Nanoengn, PL 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland

[19] Aalto Univ, Metsahovi Radio Observ, Metsahovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmala, Finland

[20] Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA USA

[21] Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Space Earth & Environm, Onsala Space Observ, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden

[22] Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China

[23] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Astron Geofis & Ciencias Atmosfer, R Matao 1226, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

[24] Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, SP Monserrato Sestu Km 0-7, I-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy

[25] INAF Osservatorio Astron Cagliari, Via Sci 5, 09047 Selargius, CA, Chile

[26] INFN, Sez Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy

[27] Pontificia Univ Catolica Valparaiso, Inst Fis, Casilla 4059, Valparaiso, Chile

[28] Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, 1002 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA

[29] Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan

[30] Univ Valencia, Dept Astron & Astrofis, St C Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain

[31] Univ Malaya, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

[32] Univ Texas San Antonio, Dept Phys & Astron, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA

[33] Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 11F Astron Math Bldg,AS NTU 1,Sec 4,Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 106216, Taiwan

[34] Univ Valencia, Observ Astron, C Catedrat Jose Beltran 2, E-46980 Valencia, Spain

[35] Yale Univ, Yale Ctr Astron & Astrophys, 52 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06511 USA

[36] Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA

[37] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, MS209,POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA

[38] Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[39] East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA

[40] James Clerk Maxwell Telescope JCMT, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA

[41] CALTECH, 1200 East Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA

[42] Inst Radioastron Millimetr IRAM, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France

[43] Perimeter Inst Theoret Phys, 31 Caroline St North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada

[44] Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys & Astron, 200 Univ Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

[45] Univ Waterloo, Waterloo Ctr Astrophys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

[46] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA

[47] Univ Sci & Technol, Gajeong Ro 217, Daejeon 34113, South Korea

[48] Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[49] Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, 5720 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[50] Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

来源：

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS | 2025年 / 695卷

基金：

加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会; 芬兰科学院; 新加坡国家研究基金会; 英国科学技术设施理事会; 美国国家航空航天局; 瑞典研究理事会; 美国国家科学基金会; 荷兰研究理事会; 日本学术振兴会; 巴西圣保罗研究基金会; 欧洲研究理事会; 中国博士后科学基金;

关键词：

techniques: interferometric; galaxies: active; galaxies: jets; galaxies: nuclei; quasars: general; quasars: supermassive black holes; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; INTRINSIC BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURES; RESULTS; VII; POLARIZATION; SUPERMASSIVE BLACK-HOLE; GAMMA-RAY BLAZARS; GHZ VLBI SURVEY; REFRACTIVE SUBSTRUCTURE; POLARIMETRY-SURVEY; RELATIVISTIC JETS; ACCRETION DISKS;

D O I：

10.1051/0004-6361/202452600

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

Context. The 2017 observing campaign of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) delivered the first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) images at the observing frequency of 230 GHz, leading to a number of unique studies on black holes and relativistic jets from active galactic nuclei (AGN). In total, eighteen sources were observed, including the main science targets, Sgr A* and M 87, and various calibrators. Sixteen sources were AGN. Aims. We investigated the morphology of the sixteen AGN in the EHT 2017 data set, focusing on the properties of the VLBI cores: size, flux density, and brightness temperature. We studied their dependence on the observing frequency in order to compare it with the Blandford-Konigl (BK) jet model. In particular, we aimed to study the signatures of jet acceleration and magnetic energy conversion. Methods. We modeled the source structure of seven AGN in the EHT 2017 data set using linearly polarized circular Gaussian components (1749+096, 1055+018, BL Lac, J0132-1654, J0006-0623, CTA 102, and 3C 454.3) and collected results for the other nine AGN from dedicated EHT publications, complemented by lower frequency data in the 2-86 GHz range. Combining these data into a multifrequency EHT+ data set, we studied the dependences of the VLBI core component flux density, size, and brightness temperature on the frequency measured in the AGN host frame (and hence on the distance from the central black hole), characterizing them with power law fits. We compared the observations with the BK jet model and estimated the magnetic field strength dependence on the distance from the central black hole. Results. Our observations spanning event horizon to parsec scales indicate a deviation from the standard BK model, particularly in the decrease of the brightness temperature with the observing frequency. Only some of the discrepancies may be alleviated by tweaking the model parameters or the jet collimation profile. Either bulk acceleration of the jet material, energy transfer from the magnetic field to the particles, or both are required to explain the observations. For our sample, we estimate a general radial dependence of the Doppler factor delta proportional to r(<= 0.5). This interpretation is consistent with a magnetically accelerated sub-parsec jet. We also estimate a steep decrease of the magnetic field strength with radius B proportional to r(-3), hinting at jet acceleration or efficient magnetic energy dissipation.

引用

页数：21

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