Reuse of Treated Wastewater to Address Water Scarcity in Viticulture: A Comprehensive Review

Water scarcity has become an increasingly critical global issue, affecting various sectors, including industrial, domestic, and particularly agriculture. Agriculture, as the largest consumer of water due to its substantial water requirements for food production, faces significant challenges, which are expected to intensify with the growth of the global population. As a result, many countries have begun to explore innovative solutions to address this pressing problem, one of which is the reuse of wastewater for irrigation purposes. This approach has gained particular attention in viticulture, where water consumption is high, and the need for sustainable practices is paramount. This paper delves into the issue of water scarcity, focusing specifically on the winemaking sector. It reviews several studies investigating the potential of wastewater reuse for irrigating vineyards, highlighting both the promising benefits and the challenges associated with this practice. The findings suggest that using treated wastewater for irrigation in viticulture offers a viable solution to mitigate water shortages, particularly in regions facing severe droughts or limited freshwater resources. However, the successful implementation of this approach requires careful monitoring and management of several factors, including soil quality, plant health, fruit development, and the final wine product. Ensuring the safety and quality of the wine, as well as safeguarding consumer health, necessitates rigorous oversight to prevent any negative impacts from the use of reclaimed water.