The Rosewood (Aniba spp., Lauraceae) Production Chain in the Brazilian Amazon

Rosewood trees are native to the Amazon and have been exploited for essential oil extraction. Given the risk of extinction, trade is now regulated, and in Brazil, only planted trees can be harvested. In this study, we analyzed this production chain in the state of Amazonas to address the following questions: (1) How is the rosewood production chain currently structured?; and, (2) What are the main challenges hindering the development of this production chain, and what measures could support its sustainable expansion? To do this, we reviewed official data, conducted field visits, and interviewed stakeholders in the production chain. We identified 12 seed suppliers, 24 seedling suppliers, and 104 smallholder farmers with small-scale rosewood plantations, which together comprise a total of 9,500 trees recorded in forest inventories. Two companies hold the required licenses to export the essential oil, supported by plantations of over 42,000 trees. In recent years, Brazil has exported an average of 2 tons of rosewood essential oil annually at a current price of US$ 331.56/kg. Nevertheless, several barriers hinder the sector's development, particularly the integration of smallholders into productive arrangements. To address these challenges, we recommend implementing partnership programs involving governmental agencies, research institutions, local organizations, and producers, to enhance support for the sustainable production of the species.