The conceptualisation and evolution of psychological birth trauma in the absence of identifiable risk factors: A scoping review

Background: Psychological birth trauma is an emerging area of childbirth research lacking a universally accepted definition. This scoping review explores how psychological birth trauma has been conceptualised in the literature, focusing on perinatal women without identifiable risk factors (e.g., physical injury, maternal morbidity risk, or prior vulnerabilities). Objective: To understand the conceptualisation and evolution of psychological birth trauma according to the research literature, map the existing literature on psychological birth trauma, identify key elements and research gaps, and provide insights into the conceptual evolution of psychological birth trauma in the absence of identifiable risk factors. Methods: Seven databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Scopus, Cochrane, Informit, Emcare) were searched for published, peer-reviewed studies on psychological birth trauma without identifiable risk factors. A scoping review following Arksey and O'Malley's framework synthesised findings from 231 articles. Data were charted to identify key elements and patterns. Results: Five key elements central to psychological birth trauma were identified: variables of psychological trauma, long-term psychological effects, relational and social dynamics, subjective appraisals, and cultural influences. Psychological birth trauma is distinct from broader terms like "birth trauma" or "traumatic childbirth," given its emphasis on emotional and psychological consequences. Conclusion: Conceptual frameworks for psychological birth trauma and traumatic childbirth may guide future refinement and standardised terminology. Unique psychological dimensions are apparent in women who describe childbirth as traumatic despite lacking identifiable risk factors. This review underscores the need for multidisciplinary research to refine definitions and lays the groundwork for advancing conceptualisations and supporting women's wellbeing in childbirth.