Automation in construction through application of bluetooth low energy for indoor monitoring of construction projects in Gujarat, India

The inherent complexity of the construction industry often impedes safety and productivity. Real-time project monitoring plays a pivotal role in improving both aspects. While Global Positioning Systems (GPS) facilitate outdoor monitoring, indoor monitoring on construction sites presents challenges. Nevertheless, the latest technologies make indoor monitoring feasible, with Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology emerging as a cost-effective and energy-efficient solution compared to contemporary technologies. The study aims to develop an indoor monitoring system for construction projects in Gujarat, India, utilising BLE gateways and beacons with Navigine (online software). The implemented prototype covers 62m2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${62m}<^>{2}$$\end{document} of area in an under-construction building across various floors of a multi-story structure. Four scenarios assess positioning accuracy, precision, and overall system reliability, revealing impressive results with 99.05% accuracy and 62.56% precision in tracking. Also, the prototype achieves these outcomes with energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness, providing an affordable solution for real-time indoor monitoring and tracking of construction workers. The study addresses BLE technology's limitations and proposes practical solutions to ensure safety, productivity, real-time tracking, and effective monitoring.