Sustainable renewable energy integration on expressways in Bangladesh: A techno-economic, environmental, and sensitivity analysis of a grid-connected hybrid system

In Bangladesh, the integration of solar and wind energy in hybrid power systems has gained significant attention in recent years due to its ability to provide a more reliable and sustainable energy supply, reduce dependence on conventional energy sources, and address environmental concerns. However, challenges related to substantial initial costs, variable energy output, and inadequate storage solutions hinder its large-scale implementation. This study proposes a new grid-integrated hybrid renewable energy system for the Dhaka-Mawa Expressway, incorporating bifacial solar PV panels and vertical-axis wind turbines, with the work completed at the end of 2024. The system was validated using two software tools, HOMER Pro and PVsyst, demonstrating its optimal performance and potential for real-world implementation. The analysis in HOMER Pro estimates the system's low levelized cost of energy (LCOE) at 0.038 USD/kWh, with an annual energy generation of 6,499.758 kWh. Additionally, a PVsyst-based performance assessment of the proposed PV system confirmed an exceptionally low LCOE of 0.0136 USD/kWh, a performance ratio of 0.83 %, and a remarkably short break-even period of approximately 2.3 years. Compared to typical grid systems, the proposed system can reduce emissions by 28,144 kg of CO2, 122 kg of SO2, and 59.7 kg of NOx per year. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis evaluates the impact of wind speed, solar irradiation, replacement costs, and operating expenses under varying climate conditions. The proposed system is highly flexible and has significant potential as an alternative energy source, with a 30 % internal rate of return (IRR), a 25 % return on investment (ROI), and a 3.4-year break-even period.