Liquid metal as an efficient protective layer for lithium metal anodes in all-solid-state batteries

Lithium metal batteries with inorganic solid-state electrolytes have emerged as strong and attractive candidates for electrochemical energy storage devices because of their high-energy content and safety. Nonetheless, inherent challenges of deleterious lithium dendrite growth and poor interfacial stability hinder their commercial application. Herein, we report a liquid metal-coated lithium metal（LM@Li） anode strategy to improve the contact between lithium metal and a Li6PS5Cl inorganic electrolyte. The LM@Li symmetric cell shows over 1000 h of stable lithium plating/stripping cycles at 2 m A cm-2and a significantly higher critical current density of 9.8 m A cm-2at 25°C. In addition, a full battery assembled with a high-capacity composite LiNbO3@-Li Ni0.7Co0.2Mn0.1O2（LNO@NCM721） cathode shows stable cycling performance. Experimental and computational results have demonstrated that dendrite growth tolerance and physical contact in solid-state batteries can be reinforced by using LM interlayers for interfacial modification.