Polycystic Ovary Syndrome prevalence and associated sociodemographic risk factors: a study among young adults in Delhi NCR, India

IntroductionPolycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent yet under-researched endocrinologic disorder affecting females of reproductive age, characterized by menstrual dysfunction, infertility, hirsutism, acne, and obesity. Despite its global prevalence, with rates varying significantly among Asian communities, there is a notable lack of region-specific epidemiological data, particularly for urban areas in India. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of PCOS and associated sociodemographic risk factors among young adult females in Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR), India.MethodsThis study is comprised of two components: a cross-sectional survey and a systematic review. The cross-sectional survey involved 1,164 college-going females aged 18-25 years in Delhi NCR, with data collected through a structured interview schedule assessing sociodemographic variables and PCOS symptoms. PCOS diagnosis was based on the already diagnosed cases and cases diagnosed during the study (Rotterdam criteria, 2003), through symptoms and additional assessment through ultrasonography. The systematic review analysed prevalence studies from 2010 to 2024 across India, focusing on the similar age group.ResultsThe study found a high 17.40% prevalence rate of PCOS among the participants, with 70.30% already diagnosed and 29.70% newly diagnosed during the study. The prevalence is significantly higher compared to the pooled prevalence of 8.41% reported in previous studies across India. Sociodemographic factors such as age (20 years and above), higher education, ancestry (East India and immigrants), and nuclear family structure were associated with increased PCOS risk. Conversely, factors like belonging to the OBC category and lower middle class were linked to reduced risk.DiscussionThe high prevalence of PCOS in Delhi NCR compared to other regions highlights the need for targeted epidemiological research and intervention strategies in urban settings. The association of PCOS with modern lifestyle factors and socioeconomic status underscores the importance of addressing these determinants in managing PCOS effectively. The study contributes valuable insights into the sociodemographic dimensions of PCOS and calls for more comprehensive studies to inform public health strategies.