Controllable synthesis of PbO/AC composite assisted by homogeneous precipitation for lead carbon batteries

In this work, PbO/AC composites are controllably synthesized via homogeneous precipitation to investigate the effect of PbO loading characteristics on the performance of lead-carbon anodes. The results indicate that increasing the reactant molar ratio promotes a more uniform incorporation of PbO into AC, resulting in superior hydrogen evolution inhibition. In contrast, extending the hydrothermal time facilitates the deposition of PbO on the surface of AC, leading to an anode structure with a higher pore volume and a lower median pore diameter. This effectively mitigates the decline in charge efficiency caused by mass transport limitations at high rates. 8HUP/AC-1.5, synthesized with the longest hydrothermal time, retains a high specific surface area while exhibiting the most compact surface PbO loading. This structure induces needle-like lead formations with enhanced sulfation resistance, ultimately achieving the longest high-rate partial state-of-charge cycling life (12,655 cycles).