Diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus

Background: The increase in obesity and diabetes, coupled with advanced maternal age, has led to an increase in pregnancies affected by hyperglycemia, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), pre-existing diabetes, and early pregnancy hyperglycemia that does not meet the full criteria for diabetes. This surge necessitates better screening and management practices to mitigate associated maternal and fetal risks. Current Concepts: The diagnosis of GDM remains challenging owing to inconsistent criteria, such as differences in oral glucose tolerance test thresholds and various strategies in diagnosing and managing GDM before 20 weeks of gestation. Continuous glucose monitoring has emerged as a promising tool that allows comprehensive glucose profile tracking without test timing constraints. Additionally, digital health tools, including mobile applications, have shown potential in supporting glucose control in GDM management. These technologies may enable more personalized care and improve compliance with glucose monitoring and lifestyle modifications, although more evidence is needed to establish standardized guidelines for their application. Discussion and Conclusion: Given the increasing number of high-risk pregnancies, standardized diagnostic criteria and effective management protocols for GDM are urgently needed. Further research and policy initiatives are crucial for developing guidelines that improve the prevention, early diagnosis, and comprehensive management of GDM, ultimately reducing its progression to postpartum type 2 diabetes. Digital health technologies can be used as effective tool in managing GDM, improving maternal and neonatal outcomes, and ensuring the longterm health of mothers and their offspring.