Numerical Study of Forced Convection Around a Porous Square Cylinder Using CuO-H2O Nano-Fluid

In this research, a numerical analysis of the flow was performed occurring through the square porous cylinder situated between two parallel surfaces and maintaining a consistent temperature, where the Nano-fluid was subjected to forced convection and consisted of copper oxide particles suspended in water in the form of particles, all in a two-dimensional state. The transport equations are numerically fixed through the finite volume approach, and the SIMPLE algorithm is employed for velocity-pressure coupling. Numerical results are provided for the ranges 5 <= Re <= 40, 0 <=& empty;<= 10%, 10-6 <= Da <= 10-2, with a blocking ratio phi=b/H=1/8. The streamlines, isotherms, variations in the Nusselt number, and drag coefficient are illustrated to assess the influence of a variety of parameters on the framework of fluid flow and heat exchange. The recirculation zone's dimensions and heat transmission were found to rise with rising Reynolds number and nanoparticle volume concentration, particularly pronounced at elevated Darcy numbers. The drag coefficient reduces as the Reynolds number boosts, and it increases as the nanoparticle volume fraction rises as well.