Use of the Time-Based Experience Sampling Method in Older Adults A Systematic Review of Studies Between 2007 and 2022 and Recommendations for Future Research

Older adults represent an increasing proportion of the world's population and are an important target group for psychological research. The experience sampling method (ESM) has the potential to generate unique insights into the daily lives of older adults, but its application also brings challenges. We provide a systematic review of studies applying time-based ESM (tb-ESM) with participants of 65 years and older in their natural environment, focusing on the studies' specific (1) (sub)populations and contexts, (2) tb-ESM designs, and (3) rate of study adherence. We searched Medline, Web of Science, Cinahl, Psychology Database, and OSF preprints for eligible reports published from 2007 onwards. After screening 549 records, 54 reports on 31 unique studies were included in the narrative synthesis. Most studies sampled healthy community-dwelling older adults and applied semi-randomized signal schedules. Mobile assessments were much more common than in an earlier review with studies published before 2007 and could be implemented successfully. Recommendations for future tb-ESM studies in older adults are made regarding training and follow-up, custom signal modalities and schedules, and adapted response recording methods. Future aging tb-ESM studies should be mindful of the inclusion of more diverse samples and the evaluation of participant adherence and burden.