Translation, Validation and Reliability Testing of The Vision and Night Driving Questionnaire from English into the Malay Language

Night driving is an important aspect of mobility, and visual status is one of the factors responsible for night driving performance. The Vision and Night Driving Questionnaire (VND-Q) is a nine-item questionnaire developed to assess vision-related night driving difficulties. This study aimed to translate the English version of the VND-Q into Malay language and determine the validity and reliability of the Malay version of the VND-Q (VND-Q-M) among the Malaysian population. A forward-backward translation method was performed to translate the VND-Q into Malay language. Content validity was assessed by six experts in optometry. A total of 120 Malaysian adult drivers were involved in the construct validation using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and reliability testing using Cronbach's alpha. An item was removed after taking into account the opinions of all the experts. The content validation index (CVI) values of 1.0, 0.98, and 1.0 for relevance, clarity, and understandability, respectively, indicated high validity. The p-value of Barlett's test of sphericity was smaller than 0.001 and the Kaisen-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy was 0.79. Using EFA, two factors were extracted as underlying the questionnaire, which contained a total of eight items (factor loading 0.4). The internal consistency was high, with Cronbach's alpha value of 0.84 for all items. This study provides evidence that the modified VND-Q-M is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing vision-related night driving difficulties in the Malaysian population.