Comparative analysis of damage and energy absorption mechanisms in various plain-weave fiber reinforced composites under multi-angle low-velocity impact

This study investigates the impact resistance and damage mechanisms of plain-weave Carbon, Glass, Kevlar, and Basalt fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) under multi-angle low-velocity impacts (LVIs). Utilizing a novel multi- angle impact fixture designed to ASTM D7136 standards and non-destructive ultrasonic imaging, we experimentally evaluated LVI behavior at various oblique angles. Numerical simulations incorporating a 3D Hashin failure model and cohesive zone modeling provided detailed insights into damage and energy absorption mechanisms. Results reveal significant differences in crack patterns, internal damage, and mechanical responses across FRPs as impact angles shift from normal to oblique. The analysis indicates that normal and bending properties dominate at higher angles, while tangential properties become crucial at lower angles. Statistical analysis identified correlations between impact angle, material properties, and LVI responses. Impact angle significantly affects peak impact force, maximum deformation, impact duration, and energy absorption, with the most pronounced effect on impact duration. Interlaminar material properties primarily influence peak impact force and energy absorption, whereas in-plane material properties decisively impact all four responses. This comprehensive analysis enhances the understanding of how fiber type and impact angle affect FRP behavior under more practical impact conditions.