Impacts of an Intermittent Bus Lane on Local Air Quality: Lessons from an Effectiveness Study

Bus lanes with intermittent prioritization (BLIPs) have been proposed as a way to reduce traffic burden and improve air quality along busy urban streets; however, to date, the impacts of BLIPs on local-scale air quality have not been thoroughly evaluated, due in part to challenges in study design. We measured traffic-emission proxies-black carbon aerosol and ultrafine particles-before and after the installation of a BLIP in the Boston area (Massachusetts, USA) in 2021, and compared our data with traffic measurements to determine whether changes in air quality were attributable to changes in traffic patterns. We used both stationary and mobile monitoring to characterize temporal and spatial variations in air quality both before and after the BLIP went into operation. Although the BLIP led to a reduction in traffic volume (similar to 20%), we did not find evidence that this reduction caused a significant change in local air quality. Nonetheless, substantial spatial and temporal differences in pollutant concentrations were observed; the highest concentrations occurred closest to a nearby highway along a section of the bus lane that was in an urban canyon, likely causing pollutant trapping. Wind direction was a dominant influence: pollutant concentrations were generally higher during winds that oriented the bus lane downwind of or parallel to the highway. Based on our findings, we recommend in future studies to evaluate the effectiveness of BLIPs that: (i) traffic and air quality measurements be collected simultaneously for several non-weekend days immediately before and immediately after bus lanes are first put into operation; (ii) the evaluation should be performed when other significant changes in motorists' driving behavior and bus ridership are not anticipated; and (iii) coordinated efforts be made to increase bus ridership and incentivize motorists to avoid using the bus lane during the hours of intermittent prioritization.