Advancements in transition metal sulfide supercapacitors: A focused review on high-performance energy storage

The advancement of efficient energy storage technologies has become a critical area of focus in recent years. Transition metal sulfides (TMSs), due to their superior redox properties, high electrical conductivity, and excellent theoretical capacitance, have emerged as highly promising electrode materials for next-generation supercapacitors. Through compositional and structural engineering, significant improvements have been achieved in the electrochemical performance of TMSs, including materials based on Mn, V, Co, Fe, Ni, Mo, Zn, W, and Sn. Key strategies for enhancing TMS electrodes include morphological control and composite engineering, both of which have proven instrumental in addressing fundamental challenges such as slow reaction kinetics, limited structural stability, and significant volume expansion during charge/discharge cycles. This study highlights the transformative potential of optimized TMSs, particularly when paired with advanced electrochemical catalysts, to overcome these barriers and drive the development of high-performance supercapacitors. TMS-based electrodes improve charge storage mechanisms, solving energy storage system problems and enabling future, cost-effective, and sustainable energy storage technologies. This study tackles crucial information gaps in charge storage kinetics and processes, suggesting possibilities to innovate in this field. This research concludes an indepth exploration of the opportunities, challenges, and potential strategies for leveraging TMSs to shape the future of high-efficiency supercapacitors.