To Drink or Not to Drink? Investigating Alcohol's Impact on Prostate Cancer Risk

Simple Summary Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men worldwide, and its causes are influenced by both genetic and lifestyle factors. One lifestyle factor that has shown mixed evidence is alcohol consumption. While some studies suggest that heavy drinking increases prostate cancer risk, others show little to no connection. This research aims to clarify the relationship between alcohol consumption and prostate cancer by reviewing and analyzing global studies. By exploring how different types of alcohol and drinking patterns may influence cancer risk, the goal is to provide more precise guidance for healthcare providers and patients. These findings can help inform public health recommendations and future research on cancer prevention strategies, especially for higher-risk populations.Abstract Background/Objectives: Prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant global health issue. The relationship between alcohol consumption and PCa risk has been the subject of extensive research, yet findings remain inconsistent. This review aims to clarify the association between alcohol intake and PCa risk, its aggressiveness, and the potential metabolic pathways involved in PCa onset. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed and MEDLINE, focusing on epidemiological studies, meta-analyses, cohort studies, and case-control studies. Studies evaluating alcohol consumption, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, and PCa risk were included. The review also explored the roles of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in alcohol metabolism. Results: The analysis reveals a complex relationship between alcohol consumption and PCa. Heavy alcohol intake is associated with an increased risk of PCa, particularly more aggressive forms, and higher mortality rates. However, studies also show weak or no association between moderate alcohol consumption and PCa. The variability in findings may be attributed to differences in alcohol types, regional factors, and study methodologies. Conclusions: The link between alcohol consumption and PCa risk is multifaceted. While heavy drinking appears to increase the risk of aggressive PCa, the overall relationship remains unclear. Further research is needed to better understand these associations and inform public health recommendations and cancer prevention strategies.