Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles as Next-Generation Green Catalysts for Multifaceted Applications

In the field of material sciences, nano-based formulations have attracted the attention of researchers, as they are highly suitable for applications in different fields. Conventionally, physical and chemical techniques have been employed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). However, they use hazardous and poisonous ingredients, which are toxic to human health and the environment. Therefore, it necessitates the development of an eco-friendly and economical method for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles. Biogenic AgNPs have been synthesized using plants and microorganisms due to the presence of reducing agents such as metabolites and enzymes in their extracts. The size, shape, and other properties of the biogenic AgNPs have been characterized using various biophysical techniques. AgNPs are widely used to treat infections and diseases in humans and plants. They have demonstrated antifungal and antibacterial activities and, therefore, have been applied in various therapeutic applications like the treatment of cancer, wound dressing, orthopedic and cardiovascular implants, and dental composites. Biogenic AgNPs have been applied for the remediation of environmental pollution, including that of water and air via the detoxification of synthetic dyes and other contaminants. They have improved seed germination and plant growth after application as nanofertilizers and nano-pesticides, as well as in masking the effects of stress. This review describes various biological routes used in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their potential applications in agricultural, environmental, and medical fields.