Ambulatory surgery center versus outpatient hospitals: a comparison of reimbursements for patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: While some studies have demonstrated that ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) are associated with reduced costs of orthopedic procedures, there is no consensus in the current literature as to the impact of ASCs versus hospital-based outpatient departments (HOPDs) on anterior cervical discectomies and fusions (ACDFs). PURPOSE: This study sought to (1) compare immediate procedure reimbursements, patient outof-pocket expenditures, and surgeon reimbursements for ACDFs performed at ASCs versus HOPDs and (2) identify factors predicting facility utilization. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. PATIENT SAMPLE: We identified ACDF procedures performed at an ASC or HOPD in commercially-insured patients aged 18 to 64. OUTCOME MEASURES: Payment variables were calculated from claims within 3 days preoperatively and postoperatively. METHODS: Multivariable regression models assessed (1) associations between the surgery setting and payment variables and (2) factors associated with the surgery setting. RESULTS: We included 18,191 ACDFs (14.8% ASC, 85.2% HOPD). In multivariable analyses, ACDFs performed in an ASC (versus HOPD) were associated with 9.8% higher immediate procedure reimbursements (95% CI:7.5%-12.2%), 17.2% higher patient out-of-pocket expenditures (95% CI:11.8 -22.8), and 11.7% higher surgeon reimbursements (95% CI:9.18-14.2; all p<.01) (all p<.001). Surgery setting utilization varied by region, insurance-related factors, comorbidities, and procedural complexity. CONCLUSIONS: We found that ASCs had significantly higher reimbursements compared to HOPDs. Regional variations in ASC utilization imply there are opportunities for standardization of care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3. (c) 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.