Holistic risk assessment approach for seafarers' adaptation to digital transformation

The maritime industry is experiencing a significant digital transformation that brings both opportunities and challenges for seafarers. This study presents a holistic risk assessment for seafarers' adaptation to digital transformation using an integrated methodology that combines Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA), Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory, and a rule-based Bayesian network (RBN). The approach identifies and quantifies twenty-two failure modes across five critical components: human-related, technological, operational, organizational & regulatory, and cybersecurity. The findings reveal that operational failures and human-related failures are the most critical components, with "over-reliance on digitalization" being the highestrisk failure mode. Other significant failure modes include "insufficient digital competency and skill gaps" and "inadequate cybersecurity awareness and training." Consequently, the study offers short and long-term actions to mitigate risks and provides valuable insights for effective human-technology interaction.