Sex differences in psychosocial functioning and neurocognition in bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction Impairment in both psychosocial functioning and neurocognition (NC) performance is present in bipolar disorder (BD) yet the role of sex differences in these deficits remains unclear. The present systematic review and meta-analysis examined whether males and females with BD demonstrate differences in psychosocial functioning and NC performance.Methods The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched from inception until November 20, 2023.Results Twenty studies published between 2005 and 2023 with a total sample size of 2286 patients with BD were included. A random effects meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant result with a small effect (SMD = 0.313) for sex differences in verbal learning and memory as well as visual learning and memory (SMD = 0.263). Females outperformed males in both domains. No significant sex differences were observed for any other NC outcome or psychosocial functioning. High heterogeneity and differences in assessment scales used should be considered when interpreting these findings, given their potential impact on results.Conclusions Future research should adopt a more homogenous, standardized approach using longitudinal designs to gain a clearer insight into sex differences in this population. This approach so may increase the use of preventative therapeutic options to address the difficult clinical challenge of reaching cognitive and functional recovery.