Microwave sensor designs for liquid material dielectric characterization: Technological advances and applications

Microwave sensor designs have advanced significantly, offering robust solutions for the dielectric characterization of liquid materials. This paper reviews the technological advancements and applications of various microwave sensor configurations, including frequency variation, phase variation, frequency splitting, and differential-mode sensors. Microwave sensors have emerged as a powerful tool for liquid dielectric characterization due to their non-invasive, rapid, and highly sensitive measurement capabilities. The interaction of microwave signals with the dielectric properties of liquids allows for accurate characterization, leading to significant technological innovations. The dielectric properties of liquids, permittivity, and loss factor are critical for understanding how these materials interact with electric fields. These properties are vital across numerous industries, including biomedical, environmental, and industrial sectors, where they influence the performance of electronic devices, product quality in food and pharmaceuticals, and environmental monitoring. This review explores the fundamental principles of microwave sensor operation, discusses various design methodologies, and highlights recent technological advances. By delving into the latest innovations and applications, this paper sheds light on the potential of microwave sensors to revolutionize the understanding and utilization of liquid dielectric properties, offering valuable insights for future developments and applications in this dynamic field.