Ultrasound-mediated cardiovascular thrombolysis: from Sonothrombolysis to Sonoperfusion

The incidence of coronary artery disease has been increasing in recent years, with acute myocardial infarction as its most severe onset. The major aim for clinical treatment is to restore myocardial blood supply with the recanalization of coronary circulation as early as possible, while the still existed issue of microcirculation thromboembolism has become a serious obstacle. Thus, thrombus elimination in coronary microcirculation is crucial and essential to improve the treatment outcome of acute myocardial infarction. In recent years, from sonothrombolysis to sonoperfusion, ultrasound-mediated cardiovascular thrombolysis can effectively solve the problem of vascular thromboembolism, including microcirculation thromboembolism, and the treatment method is expected to obtain satisfied thrombolytic treatment effect with microthrombus elimination in coronary microvessels and function recovery of terminal microcirculation, which has potential clinical value for the establishment of novel treatment for coronary thromboembolism. Therefore, this paper reviews ultrasound-mediated cardiovascular thrombolysis including sonothrombolysis and sonoperfusion for the application exploration in the treatment of coronary artery thromboembolism, the mechanism of action, and its research progress.