Tropical Cyclones in the GEOS-S2S-2 Subseasonal Forecasts

This paper analyzes the climatology, prediction skill, and predictability of tropical cyclones (TCs) in NASA's Goddard Earth Observing System Subseasonal to Seasonal (GEOS-S2S) forecast system version 2. GEOS reasonably simulates the number and spatial distribution of TCs compared to observations except in the Atlantic where the model simulates too few TCs due to low genesis rates in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. The environmental conditions, diagnosed through a genesis potential index, do not clearly explain model biases in the genesis rates, especially in the Atlantic. At the storm scale, GEOS reforecasts replicate several key aspects of the thermodynamic and dynamic structures of observed TCs, such as a warm core and the secondary circulation. The model, however, fails to simulate an off-center eyewall when evaluating vertical velocity, precipitation, and moisture. The analysis of the prediction skill of TC genesis and occurrence shows that GEOS has comparable skill to other global models in WMO S2S archive and that its skill could be further improved by increasing the ensemble size. After calibration, GEOS forecasts are skillful in the western North Pacific and southern Indian Ocean up to 20 days in advance. A model-based predictability analysis demonstrates the importance of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) as a source of predictability of TC occurrence beyond the 14-day lead time. Forecasts initialized under strong MJO conditions show evidence of predictability beyond week 3. However, due to model biases in the forecast distribution, there are notable gaps between the MJO-related prediction skill and predictability, which require further study.