Agricultural wastewater treatment and reuse technologies: A comprehensive review

Agricultural activities generate substantial volumes of wastewater, characterized by diverse chemical, physical, and biological contaminants. Effective treatment and reuse of this wastewater are crucial for environmental sustainability and resource conservation. This comprehensive review explores the spectrum of technologies employed in agricultural wastewater treatment and reuse. It begins with an overview of agricultural wastewater, detailing its sources, composition, and impacts on health and the environment. The review then examines conventional treatment methods, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches, followed by an analysis of advanced technologies such as membrane processes, advanced oxidation, and electrochemical treatments. Integrated treatment systems, which combine multiple methods to enhance efficiency and effectiveness, are also discussed, with examples and case studies provided. The potential applications of treated wastewater, particularly in irrigation, industrial processes, and groundwater recharge, are highlighted to underscore the value of reuse. The review identifies key challenges in the sector, including technical, economic, regulatory, and social barriers. Future trends and research directions are proposed, emphasizing the importance of emerging technologies, sustainability, and integration with smart farming practices. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying gaps, this review aims to guide policy, practice, and future research in agricultural wastewater treatment and reuse.