A comprehensive review of advances in nanoparticle catalysts for biodiesel production

This review emphasizes the distinctive function of nanoparticle catalysts in improving the efficiency and sustainability of biodiesel synthesis. The application of nanoparticles, especially metal oxides and magnetic solid catalysts, provides substantial enhancements in catalytic activity, selectivity, and resistance to saponification relative to traditional catalysts. Biodiesel, derived from renewable sources, including recycled oils, animal fats, and plant oils, serves as a sustainable substitute for fossil fuels. Nonetheless, conventional catalysts employed in biodiesel production have difficulties such as waste formation and elevated expenses. This paper examines the progress in nanoparticle catalysts that exhibit enhanced surface area and catalytic efficiency, rendering them more useful in biodiesel synthesis processes. Furthermore, it addresses the difficulties linked to the elevated expenses of catalyst production and recycling processes while providing perspectives on the viability of cost-effective production methods. This work's originality is rooted in its thorough examination of recent advancements in nano-catalyst design and application, highlighting the creation of more sustainable, efficient, and economical biodiesel synthesis techniques. This review enhances the current literature by exploring the potential of nano-catalysts to transform biodiesel production and promote the transition to sustainable energy alternatives.