Multi-Omics Approaches Against Abiotic and Biotic Stress-A Review

Plants face an array of environmental stresses, including both abiotic and biotic stresses. These stresses significantly impact plant lifespan and reduce agricultural crop productivity. Abiotic stresses, such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, high and low temperatures, salinity, drought, floods, heavy metal toxicity, etc., contribute to widespread crop losses globally. On the other hand, biotic stresses, such as those caused by insects, fungi, and weeds, further exacerbate these challenges. These stressors can hinder plant systems at various levels, including molecular, cellular, and development processes. To overcome these challenges, multi-omics computational approaches offer a significant tool for characterizing the plant's biomolecular pool, which is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and signaling response to environmental changes. Integrating multiple layers of omics data, such as proteomics, metabolomics, ionomics, interactomics, and phenomics, simplifies the study of plant resistance mechanisms. This comprehensive approach enables the development of regulatory networks and pathway maps, identifying potential targets for improving resistance through genetic engineering or breeding strategies. This review highlights the valuable insights from integrating multi-omics approaches to unravel plant stress responses to both biotic and abiotic factors. By decoding gene regulation and transcriptional networks, these techniques reveal critical mechanisms underlying stress tolerance. Furthermore, the role of secondary metabolites in bio-based products in enhancing plant stress mitigation is discussed. Genome editing tools offer promising strategies for improving plant resilience, as evidenced by successful case studies combating various stressors. On the whole, this review extensively discusses an advanced multi-omics approach that aids in understanding the molecular basis of resistance and developing novel strategies to improve crops' or organisms' resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses.