Biofunctionalized agarose-based biopolymer composites for advanced biomedical applications: a review

Agarose, an essential polysaccharide obtained from marine red algae, has attracted considerable interest in the biomedical sector owing to its distinctive characteristics, such as reversible thermogelling behavior, superior mechanical strength, high bioactivity, and potential material for functionalization. Its structural resemblance to the extracellular matrix makes it an attractive contender for several biological applications. This study examines agarose extraction methods, its physicochemical properties, and its use in various biomedical formulations, including thin films, scaffolds, and hydrogels. Principal applications addressed include medication delivery, bone and cartilage regeneration, tissue engineering, and corneal regeneration. Furthermore, the review highlights the challenges and future perspectives of agarose-based biomaterials in advancing biomedicine, emphasizing their potential in developing next-generation therapeutic strategies.