Status and challenges of building carbon-neutral pathways: Comparative analysis in major world economies

As a major contributor to carbon emissions, the building sector harbors immense potential for achieving life- cycle decarbonization. This study focuses on major economies like China, the USA, the UK, and Japan, outlining their paths to building carbon neutrality and examining their progress and challenges in reducing emissions. Changes in energy-related carbon emissions in the building industry were analyzed, and potential emission reductions through key carbon mitigation technologies were identified. This study offers targeted insights for advancing carbon neutrality in the building sectors of these countries. The results highlight electrification as the primary pathway to achieving carbon neutrality in these four countries and a critical strategy for others. It is essential to consider each country's unique climate and resource advantages when planning pathways to carbon neutrality, serving as a reference for other nations. Focusing on optimizing building structures and reducing material and energy consumption is crucial for countries like Japan and the UK, which have limited natural resources. Meanwhile, transitioning to clean energy is necessary for resource-rich countries like the USA and China, facing high demand for materials and energy. Effective implementation of these strategies can substantially advance the attainment of carbon neutrality goals.