Recent advances and current status of semiconductor stannate-based electrode materials for electrochemical sensing and energy applications

Overcoming the challenges of renewable energy and environmental pollution is essential for ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come. Innovations like supercapacitors, electrocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, and electrochemical sensors have significantly contributed to pushing forward the boundaries of energy storage and conversion techniques and sensing of environmental pollutants. A critical and integral constituent of these advanced technologies is the electrode material, which is a crucial material or transducer that supports these processes effectively. Stannate-based materials form a class of metal oxides that exhibit electrocatalytic activity with pronounced electrical and magnetic properties, along with stability and conductivity. In this review, the performance of stannate-based materials as an electrode material in supercapacitors, HER-OER, and in sensing technologies was appraised. However, their mixed properties with other metals and conductive materials. The future prospects as well as the challenges associated with the utilization of stannatebased electrode materials in these particular fields, are critically examined and thoroughly discussed. This analysis seeks to offer meaningful insights that can steer and inspire future research and development in this field.