Statins are drugs used in cardiovascular pharmacotherapy to decrease hypercholesterolemia and lower the risk of atherosclerosis. Statins also increase the risk of rhabdomyolysis, which is often minimized in comparison with large relative risk reductions of cardiovascular disease reported in clinical trials. By contrast, absolute risk reductions of cardiovascular disease are often clinically insignificant and unreported in statin clinical trials. Additionally, cytotoxic effects of statins inhibit cancer cell proliferation and reduce cancer risk, but other studies found that statins are carcinogenic. Due to an inverse association between incidence of cancer and atherosclerosis, the indication to prescribe statins likely biases the association of statins with cancer prevention. Dietary patterns associated with atherosclerosis and cancer contain inverse amounts of cholesterol and phosphate, an essential mineral that stimulates tumorigenesis. Accordingly, lower cancer risk is associated with high dietary cholesterol intake and increased risk of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, serum is exposed to excessive inorganic phosphate that could increase cancer risk as rhabdomyolysis induced by statins releases phosphate from skeletal muscle breakdown. Increased risk of comorbid conditions associated with statins may share the mediating factor of phosphate toxicity. More research is warranted on statins in the cause and prevention of cancer.
机构:
Keele Univ, Guy Hilton Res Ctr, Inst Sci & Technol Med, Thornburrow Dr, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, Staffs, EnglandKeele Univ, Guy Hilton Res Ctr, Inst Sci & Technol Med, Thornburrow Dr, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, Staffs, England
Abdullah, Marwan I.
de Wolf, Elizabeth
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Keele Univ, Guy Hilton Res Ctr, Inst Sci & Technol Med, Thornburrow Dr, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, Staffs, EnglandKeele Univ, Guy Hilton Res Ctr, Inst Sci & Technol Med, Thornburrow Dr, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, Staffs, England
de Wolf, Elizabeth
Jawad, Mohammed J.
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h-index: 0
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Keele Univ, Guy Hilton Res Ctr, Inst Sci & Technol Med, Thornburrow Dr, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, Staffs, EnglandKeele Univ, Guy Hilton Res Ctr, Inst Sci & Technol Med, Thornburrow Dr, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, Staffs, England
Jawad, Mohammed J.
Richardson, Alan
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h-index: 0
机构:
Keele Univ, Guy Hilton Res Ctr, Inst Sci & Technol Med, Thornburrow Dr, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, Staffs, England
Keele Univ, Guy Hilton Res Ctr, Sch Pharm, Thornburrow Dr, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, Staffs, EnglandKeele Univ, Guy Hilton Res Ctr, Inst Sci & Technol Med, Thornburrow Dr, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, Staffs, England
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Fresno Med Educ Program, Dept Internal Med, Div Cardiol, Fresno, CA USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Fresno Med Educ Program, Dept Internal Med, Div Cardiol, Fresno, CA USA
Acharya, Tushar
Huang, Jian
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Fresno Med Educ Program, Dept Med, Fresno, CA USA
VA Cent Calif Hlth Care Syst, Med Serv, Fresno, CA USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Fresno Med Educ Program, Dept Internal Med, Div Cardiol, Fresno, CA USA
Huang, Jian
Tringali, Steven
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Fresno Med Educ Program, Dept Med, Fresno, CA USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Fresno Med Educ Program, Dept Internal Med, Div Cardiol, Fresno, CA USA
Tringali, Steven
Frei, Christopher R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Texas Austin, Coll Pharm, Div Pharmacotherapy, Austin, TX 78712 USA
Univ Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Antonio, Sch Med, Pharmacotherapy Educ & Res Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78229 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Fresno Med Educ Program, Dept Internal Med, Div Cardiol, Fresno, CA USA
Frei, Christopher R.
Mortensen, Eric M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
VA North Texas Hlth Care Syst, Dept Med, Dallas, TX USA
Univ Texas SW Med Ctr Dallas, Dept Internal Med, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
Univ Texas SW Med Ctr Dallas, Clin Sci, Dallas, TX 75390 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Fresno Med Educ Program, Dept Internal Med, Div Cardiol, Fresno, CA USA
Mortensen, Eric M.
Mansi, Ishak A.
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h-index: 0
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VA North Texas Hlth Care Syst, Dept Med, Dallas, TX USA
Univ Texas SW Med Ctr Dallas, Dept Internal Med, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
Univ Texas SW Med Ctr Dallas, Clin Sci, Dallas, TX 75390 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Fresno Med Educ Program, Dept Internal Med, Div Cardiol, Fresno, CA USA
机构:
Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Program Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Epidemiol & Populat Hlth, Bronx, NY 10467 USAFred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Program Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
Agalliu, Ilir
Salinas, Claudia A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Program Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USAFred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Program Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
Salinas, Claudia A.
Hansten, Philip D.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Washington, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharm, Seattle, WA 98195 USAFred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Program Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
Hansten, Philip D.
Ostrander, Elaine A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NHGRI, Natl Inst Hlth, Bethesda, MD 20892 USAFred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Program Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
Ostrander, Elaine A.
Stanford, Janet L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Program Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USAFred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Program Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
机构:
Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Univ Pittsburgh, Canc Inst, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Pittsburgh VA Hlth Syst, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USAUniv Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Beckwitt, Colin H.
Clark, Amanda M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USAUniv Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Clark, Amanda M.
Ma, Bo
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Pittsburgh VA Hlth Syst, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USAUniv Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Ma, Bo
Whaley, Diana
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Pittsburgh VA Hlth Syst, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USAUniv Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Whaley, Diana
Oltvai, Zoltan N.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Computat & Syst Biol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USAUniv Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Oltvai, Zoltan N.
Wells, Alan
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Univ Pittsburgh, Canc Inst, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Pittsburgh VA Hlth Syst, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Computat & Syst Biol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Bioengn, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USAUniv Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
机构:
Keele Univ, Guy Hilton Res Ctr, Inst Sci & Technol Med, Thornburrow Dr, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, Staffs, EnglandKeele Univ, Guy Hilton Res Ctr, Inst Sci & Technol Med, Thornburrow Dr, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, Staffs, England
Abdullah, Marwan I.
de Wolf, Elizabeth
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h-index: 0
机构:
Keele Univ, Guy Hilton Res Ctr, Inst Sci & Technol Med, Thornburrow Dr, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, Staffs, EnglandKeele Univ, Guy Hilton Res Ctr, Inst Sci & Technol Med, Thornburrow Dr, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, Staffs, England
de Wolf, Elizabeth
Jawad, Mohammed J.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Keele Univ, Guy Hilton Res Ctr, Inst Sci & Technol Med, Thornburrow Dr, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, Staffs, EnglandKeele Univ, Guy Hilton Res Ctr, Inst Sci & Technol Med, Thornburrow Dr, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, Staffs, England
Jawad, Mohammed J.
Richardson, Alan
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h-index: 0
机构:
Keele Univ, Guy Hilton Res Ctr, Inst Sci & Technol Med, Thornburrow Dr, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, Staffs, England
Keele Univ, Guy Hilton Res Ctr, Sch Pharm, Thornburrow Dr, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, Staffs, EnglandKeele Univ, Guy Hilton Res Ctr, Inst Sci & Technol Med, Thornburrow Dr, Stoke On Trent ST4 7QB, Staffs, England
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Fresno Med Educ Program, Dept Internal Med, Div Cardiol, Fresno, CA USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Fresno Med Educ Program, Dept Internal Med, Div Cardiol, Fresno, CA USA
Acharya, Tushar
Huang, Jian
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Fresno Med Educ Program, Dept Med, Fresno, CA USA
VA Cent Calif Hlth Care Syst, Med Serv, Fresno, CA USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Fresno Med Educ Program, Dept Internal Med, Div Cardiol, Fresno, CA USA
Huang, Jian
Tringali, Steven
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Fresno Med Educ Program, Dept Med, Fresno, CA USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Fresno Med Educ Program, Dept Internal Med, Div Cardiol, Fresno, CA USA
Tringali, Steven
Frei, Christopher R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Texas Austin, Coll Pharm, Div Pharmacotherapy, Austin, TX 78712 USA
Univ Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Antonio, Sch Med, Pharmacotherapy Educ & Res Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78229 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Fresno Med Educ Program, Dept Internal Med, Div Cardiol, Fresno, CA USA
Frei, Christopher R.
Mortensen, Eric M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
VA North Texas Hlth Care Syst, Dept Med, Dallas, TX USA
Univ Texas SW Med Ctr Dallas, Dept Internal Med, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
Univ Texas SW Med Ctr Dallas, Clin Sci, Dallas, TX 75390 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Fresno Med Educ Program, Dept Internal Med, Div Cardiol, Fresno, CA USA
Mortensen, Eric M.
Mansi, Ishak A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
VA North Texas Hlth Care Syst, Dept Med, Dallas, TX USA
Univ Texas SW Med Ctr Dallas, Dept Internal Med, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
Univ Texas SW Med Ctr Dallas, Clin Sci, Dallas, TX 75390 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Fresno Med Educ Program, Dept Internal Med, Div Cardiol, Fresno, CA USA
机构:
Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Program Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Epidemiol & Populat Hlth, Bronx, NY 10467 USAFred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Program Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
Agalliu, Ilir
Salinas, Claudia A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Program Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USAFred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Program Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
Salinas, Claudia A.
Hansten, Philip D.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Washington, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharm, Seattle, WA 98195 USAFred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Program Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
Hansten, Philip D.
Ostrander, Elaine A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NHGRI, Natl Inst Hlth, Bethesda, MD 20892 USAFred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Program Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
Ostrander, Elaine A.
Stanford, Janet L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Program Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USAFred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Program Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
机构:
Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Univ Pittsburgh, Canc Inst, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Pittsburgh VA Hlth Syst, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USAUniv Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Beckwitt, Colin H.
Clark, Amanda M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USAUniv Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Clark, Amanda M.
Ma, Bo
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Pittsburgh VA Hlth Syst, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USAUniv Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Ma, Bo
Whaley, Diana
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Pittsburgh VA Hlth Syst, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USAUniv Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Whaley, Diana
Oltvai, Zoltan N.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Computat & Syst Biol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USAUniv Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Oltvai, Zoltan N.
Wells, Alan
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Univ Pittsburgh, Canc Inst, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Pittsburgh VA Hlth Syst, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Computat & Syst Biol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Bioengn, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USAUniv Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA