Low Cost Detection of H2O2 in Blood for Oxidative Stress Monitoring Using Anodized CuO Nanostructures

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a prominent biomarker that is related to oxidative stress in humans and has been utilized in the early diagnosis of diseases like Alzheimer's, diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, and cellular damage. In this research, an inexpensive CuO electrode was developed by electrochemical anodization techniques specifically for H2O2 detection. The phase and nanostructured morphology of the electrode were verified using field-emission scanning electron microscopy imaging and X-ray diffraction analysis, while its sensing performance was measured using the amperometric method. The sensitivity of the CuO electrode was significantly enhanced up to 3.1 mA mM-1 cm-2 with a detection limit of 10 mu M in 0.1 s. The flat band potential, ranging from 0.246 to 0.259 V, was seen through Mott-Schottky measurements. Charge transfer resistance in the Nyquist plots ranges from 7.32 to 9.09 Omega, showing good electron transfer of the material. Moreover, stability was found at 87.2% after one month and significant reproducibility across the electrodes. These results emphasize the promise of the CuO electrode as a robust, high-performance, and scalable sensor for the detection of H2O2 for oxidative stress monitoring. The manuscript begins by discussing the importance of detecting diseases related to oxidative stress. It then transitions to recent developments and advancements in sensing H2O2 in blood for disease detection.Fabrication of CuO nanoflakes and nanowires using the electrochemical anodization technique is described in detail.Various characterization techniques, including XRD and FESEM, are discussed to investigate the structural and morphological properties of anodic CuO nanoflakes and nanowires.The H2O2 sensing mechanism and amperometric detection of H2O2 in a basic medium are elaborated. Sensitivity is calculated, and the electrode's selectivity and stability are analyzed.The effect of different anodization durations on CuO nanostructures is studied using electro impedance spectroscopy. Finally, potential applications of the CuO nanoflakes sensor for H2O2 detection and oxidative stress monitoring are proposed.