Distinct activation of M1 and M2 macrophages in the primary pterygium lymphangiogenesis

The precise role and innate immunological mechanisms underlying lymphangiogenesis in pterygium remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the presence of M1 and M2 macrophages and their correlation with pro-lymphangiogenic activation and lymphatic endothelial expression in human pterygium stromal tissues. We analyzed human pterygium and subject-matched normal conjunctival tissues for the expression of these factors and conducted in vitro experiments to assess interactions between macrophages and pterygium fibroblasts. Myeloid and M1 macrophage markers were upregulated in pterygium. M1 macrophages were associated with the upregulation of pro-lymphangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor C ( Vegfc ) in pterygium tissues and induced inflammatory signals in pterygium fibroblasts. In contrast, lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 ( Lyve1 ) expression was associated with M2 markers but not with M1 markers. Notably, the clinical severity of pterygium was inversely correlated with the expression of the M2 marker Cd163 . These findings suggest that M1 and M2 macrophages play distinct roles in the pathogenesis of pterygium, with M1 macrophages enhancing lymphangiogenic stimulation and inflammatory responses, while M2 macrophages are associated with Lyve1 expression and reduced severity of pterygium. Understanding these mechanisms may advance our current understanding of lymphatic biology in pterygium.