Global, regional and country-specific burden of chronic kidney disease due to type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic analysis of the 2021 global disease burden study

Aims: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects individual welfare, healthcare systems and societal progress. Of the multifaceted etiological factors, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a prominent contributor to CKD. Materials and Methods: We analysed the global incidence, prevalence, deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) with age-standardised rates of CKD due to T1DM (CKD-T1DM) in 2021, stratified by subtype. We calculated the temporal trends in the infirmity burden from 1990 to 2019 using a linear regression model. The age-period-cohort (APC) and Bayesian APC models predicted the prospective burden over the next 25 years. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average and Exponential Smoothing models. Results: Globally, there were 95 140 incidences, 6 295 711 prevalence cases, 94 020 deaths and 3 875 628 DALYs due to CKD-T1DM. Males and young-to-middle-aged individuals were more likely to be affected by CKD-T1DM. The middle-socio-demographic index regions were at higher risk. A considerable variation in disease burden was observed across the Global Burden of Disease super regions and countries. The number of patients with CKD-T1DM surged globally from 1990 to 2021. The projections indicated a continuous increase until 2046, driven by ageing populations and unmet therapeutic needs in low-resource settings. Conclusions: CKD-T1DM poses a growing public health threat, necessitating region-specific strategies that address healthcare inequities, promote early screening and prioritise nephroprotective therapies among T1DM populations.