Recent advancements on the development of microbial fuel cells: Anode modification and scale-up challenges in upgrading anode electrode

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology has paying boundless attention because of its capability of converting inorganic and organic wastes with an additional benefit to produce power. So therefore it has been consider as an alternative for clean energy generation. Innovations and modifications have been incorporated on coupled/ hybrid MFCs to improvise the power generation and also to satisfy the end goals such as by implementing the commercialization of wastewater treatment plants. Stacked MFCs has more efficacies in the power generation. In the recent years scaling-up of MFCs can be achieved, by increasing the number of stacking units and electrodes size. But still the concerns for maintaining the balanced voltage reversal and rate of energy produced, must to be noticed and labelled. Therefore this review focussed on the scale up hurdles and anode modification methods and material used for it, as well as identifies the trends and challenges of MFCs and offers a framework for the ongoing and future research works.