How have community activation factors in community gardening changed after the COVID-19 Pandemic?

The sustainability of community gardens depends on active engagement. This study examines how community activation factors in gardening changed before and after COVID-19, categorizing garden communities into three types: Multi-Layered Multi-Region (Type 1), Multi-Layered One-Region (Type 2), and One-Tier Multi-Region (Type 3). Before the pandemic, four major factors influenced activation: Gardening Programs, Regional/Local Cooperation Systems, Characteristics of Participants, and Local Participation Programs. After COVID-19, only three factors remained significant, with Facility/Space Design replacing participant characteristics and local engagement programs. Findings suggest a shift from socially interactive engagement to more independent, spacefocused participation. Type 1 gardens emphasized facility design and regional cooperation, while Type 3 gardens prioritized structured gardening programs and expert collaboration. This study highlights the evolving role of community gardens in urban resilience and public health. It recommends adaptive garden space design, selfmanaged gardening models, and strengthened regional cooperation to ensure long-term sustainability.