Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) possesses a unique layered structure, high specific surface area, abundant unsaturated sites, and weak interlayer van der Waals forces, which make it suitable for widespread use in environmental protection. However, its hydrophobicity and relatively low dispersibility bring forward several challenges. It can easily agglomerate and accumulate in water, which seriously affects its application in the water pollution treatment process. Carbon dots (CDs) offer the advantages of high water solubility, good dispersibility, excellent photostability, negligible cytotoxicity, and excellent biocompatibility. In this study, multifunctional responsive adsorbent materials for treatment of polluted water were prepared by combining CDs with MoS2. Appearance and morphology, structural composition, pore size and specific surface area, adsorption performance, antimicrobial performance, antimicrobial mechanism, and bacterial damage of these nanocomposites were also evaluated. Further, the adsorption performance data of the composite were analyzed by using adsorption model fitting. The small-sized CDs-MoS2 composites based on carbon point modulation effectively adsorbed the cationic dye rhodamine B, anionic dye malachite green, as well as the heavy metal ion hexavalent chromium and bacterial microorganisms. This material shows potential application prospects for multifunctional response to polluted water treatment.