Unveiling the competencies at the core of lifelong learning: A systematic literature review

In today's dynamic job market, lifelong learning (LLL) is essential due to technological advancements and evolving requirements. Since it is the responsibility of higher education to prepare students for LLL, it is imperative for higher education not only to acknowledge the significance of LLL but also to delve deeper into the core competencies that underpin LLL. This systematic literature review aims to construct a comprehensive LLL competency framework. The primary focus is to unveil which core competencies are vital for lifelong learners. Following prisma 2020 guidelines, a search in Scopus yielded 65 relevant paper across various disciplines. Data extraction resulted in 10 existing LLL frameworks and a total of 254 LLL competencies. Categorization and discussions led to six LLL competency categories: (1) Information Literacy, (2) Self-Regulation & Self-Direction, (3) Autonomous Motivation, (4) Learning Beliefs & Strategies, (5) Initiative & Perseverance, and (6) Adaptability & Resilience. A comparison with existing LLL frameworks highlighted gaps, since no framework covered all six categories and often only included sub aspects of a specific LLL competency category. The new comprehensive LLL framework combines insights and provides definitions for each LLL competency category. The framework provides a generic and discipline overarching view, while still providing room for domain and discipline specific adaptations if required.