Gold standard nephroureterectomy, chemoprophylaxis and surveillance in upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent evidence on surgical management, strategies to reduce tumor recurrence, and surveillance regimens in patients diagnosed with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and elected for radical treatment.Recent findingsMinimally invasive surgery is gaining momentum in the surgical management of UTUC. Chemoprophylaxis is still the gold standard to reduce intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). Novel surveillance strategies have been proposed to adapt follow-up regimens to patients' characteristics.SummaryMinimally invasive surgery has been associated with comparable oncological outcomes to the open approach while improving postoperative morbidity. In these cases, bladder cuff excision (BCE) is mostly performed by an extravesical approach, that demonstrates a noninferiority compared to the intravesical one in terms of oncological outcomes. Although lymphadenectomy is recommended in patients with high-risk tumors, its benefits are still unclear. Currently, there is a lack of recent prospective trials on chemoprophylaxis to reduce intravesical recurrence post RNU, making single-dose postoperative chemotherapy instillation the standard treatment. Although novel risk stratification models were released by international urological guidelines, their validity is mainly nonevidence-based. Risk-adapted follow-up strategies incorporating cystoscopy and cross-sectional imaging accounting for individual patient factors should be implemented.