Significance of nanoparticles concentration for heat and mass transfer of Ellis fluid dynamics across a stretching wall

The study of thermal energy transmission in nanofluid flows is crucial due to its extensive applications in industrial and biomedical fields. However, limited research exists on the behavior of Ellis nanofluid over a stretching surface, particularly under the combined influences of heat generation, magnetic fields, and buoyancy forces. This research addresses this gap by investigating the flow and thermal characteristics of Ellis nanofluids using a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE)-based framework. Through similarity transformations, the boundary layer equations are reduced to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which are numerically solved using the Runge-Kutta method. Novel insights into the effects of various physical parameters-such as the mixed convection parameter, heat generation coefficient, magnetic parameter, and Prandtl number-on velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions are presented. Key findings indicate that fluid velocity initially increases with heat generation, magnetic field strength, and buoyancy forces but decreases with a higher Prandtl number. The multifunctional properties of Ellis nanofluids, including enhanced heat transfer and lubrication, make them valuable in real-world applications, such as drug delivery systems, diagnostic imaging, solar thermal technologies, hyperthermia cancer treatments, and advanced thermal management systems. These findings offer practical insights for optimizing nanofluid performance in diverse technological and biomedical applications.