Neuronal substance P-driven MRGPRX2-dependent mast cell degranulation products differentially promote vascular permeability

Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor b2 (Mrgprb2) binding to its cationic endogenous and exogenous ligands induces mast cell degranulation and promotes inflammation in mice. However, the physiological roles of its human homologue MRGPRX2 remain unclear. Here we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms by which MRGPRX2 regulates vascular permeability, and generated MRGPRX2 knock-in (MRGPRX2-KI) and Mrgprb2 knockout (Mrgprb2-KO) mice. Substance P (SP) and ciprofloxacin strongly degranulated MRGPRX2-KI peritoneal mast cells (PMCs) better than WT PMCs, whereas Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) extract and phenol-soluble modulin alpha 3 (PSM alpha 3) did not degranulate PMCs. SP-stimulated MRGPRX2-KI PMCs released large amounts of histamine and mast cell protease 4 (MCPT4) chymase. Der p extract, PSM alpha 3, and MCPT4, but not histamine, induced SP release from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. However, this effect of Der p extract/PSM alpha 3 was suppressed by a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonist. SP-, ciprofloxacin-, Der p extract-, PSM alpha 3-, and MCPT4-induced vascular permeability was highest in MRGPRX2-KI mice, which depended on SP. In addition, SP-, ciprofloxacin- and PSM alpha 3-induced MRGPRX2-dependent vascular hyperpermeability was suppressed by antihistamine and chymase inhibitor. TRPV1 antagonist also inhibited PSM alpha 3-induced MRGPRX2-dependent vascular hyperpermeability. Both Mrgprb2-KO and MRGPRX2-KI did not influence the histamine-induced murine vascular hyperpermeability. Overall, our results suggest that neuronal SP induces MRGPRX2-dependent mast cell degranulation, releasing histamine and chymase, which promote vascular hyperpermeability directly or indirectly via DRG cell activation. Importantly, the worsening cycle (MRGPRX2 -> mast cell degranulation -> chymase -> DRG activation -> SP -> MRGPRX2) seems to play an important role in human MRGPRX2-depdendent inflammation.