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- [1] Achenbach T.M., 2001, Ratings of relations between DSM-IV diagnostic categories and items of the CBCL/6-18, TRF, and YSR
- [2] [Anonymous], In any case, this study has some limitations. The sample has a partial representativeness. Despite the fact that religiosity and spiritual scores did not vary according to gender and education, we were unable to determine the impact of ethnic-cultural differences-the majority of the participants were Caucasian Europeans (92.1%). The same can be said for marital status, given the preponderance of unmarried individuals (85.3%). The mean age of the participants is 24 years, meaning th
- [3] Migdal MacDonald, 2013
- [4] Koenig, 2009). Still, of the 20 items that make up the SWBQ only one-developing joy in life (item 14)-suggests a direct link to the concept of well-being (De Jager Meezenbroek et al., 2012) and its use is therefore admissible in investigations of emotional well-being (Garsen, Visser, De Jager Meezenbroek, 2016). Assuming that SWBQ is a measure that confuses spirituality with well-being, it is understandable that the results of this study which associated spirituality with positive emotions may
- [5] Koenig, 2008). In spite of this, the rejection of a spirituality that is associated with wellbeing has led to the defence of a spirituality dependent or linked to the notion of religiosity (cf. Koenig, 2008), which does not find consensus among other authors (Assagioli, 1981
- [6] Saucier Skrzypinska, 2006). The perspective on this problem is not consensual (Hill, 2005, 2015) and the very definition of spirituality is not definitive, with disagreement on the preponderance of the role of religion in the conception of spirituality (Koenig, 2008
- [7] MacDonald et al, 2015
- [8] Zinnbauer Pargament, 2005) as well as on the formulation of a non-theistic spirituality (Daaleman Frey, 2004
- [9] Piedmont, 1999). Therefore, while this paper does not address the conceptual limitations of spirituality, these must be taken into account in the extrapolation of our data. Additionally, we have the cross-cultural applicability of this studys findings. This study is restricted to the Portuguese context and the influence of cultural factors on the interpretation of SWBQ and RSS scores cannot be ruled out. Gouveia, Pais-Ribeiro and Marques (2012) observed that the Portuguese version of the SWBQ m