Frailty, Myelopathy, and Enhanced Recovery after Surgery in Patients Undergoing Posterior Cervical Fusion

BACKGROUND: The enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol is a proven method to improve postsurgical outcomes. While recent studies have shown the benefit of ERAS even in frail patient populations, myelopathy is another factor affecting outcomes in patients undergoing posterior cervical fusion (PCF). This study evaluated the benefit of an ERAS protocol in frail patients undergoing PCF. METHODS: A retrospective chart review identified consecutive patients undergoing PCF by a single surgeon from August 2015eJuly 2021, with implementation of ERAS in December 2018. Outcome measures included length of stay (LOS), nonhome discharge disposition, complications, return of physiologic function, and severe pain score. A mFI-5 score of double dagger 2 and a Nurick score of double dagger 3 defined frail and myelopathic patients, respectively. Univariate analysis (P P < 0.05) and multivariate analyses using mixed-effect models (P P < 0.0125) were performed. RESULTS: There were a total of 174 patients, 71 frail (41%). Of the frail patients, 61% were also myelopathic, and 56% underwent ERAS. Of the nonfrail patients, 43% were myelopathic, and 57% underwent ERAS. On univariate analyses, frail patients with ERAS had less drains placed (P P < 0.0001), decreased urinary retention (P P = 0.0002), decreased LOS (P P = 0.013), and were less likely to have a nonhome discharge (P P = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, LOS (P P = 0.0003), time to return of physiologic function (P P = 0.004), complications (P P = 0.001), and nonhome discharges (P P < 0.0001) were decreased with ERAS, irrespective of groups. CONCLUSIONS: ERAS is an effective protocol in PCF patients that may expedite return of physiologic function, lessen LOS, decrease the number of nonhome discharges, and reduce complications, irrespective of frailty or myelopathy status.