Longitudinal assessment of cerebral infarcts and small vessel disease using magnetic resonance imaging in antiphospholipid syndrome: A single-centre retrospective study

IntroductionStroke is the most frequent arterial thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) with high rates of recurrence.Methods and patientsA retrospective, single-centre 10-year review of patients with APS having sequential cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to describe ischaemic features in APS and associated disease risk factors and progression over time.ResultsA total of 120 patients and 307 scans were included with 67% of patients receiving vitamin K antagonists (VKA). Note that 65% of patients had baseline ischaemic features with white matter hyperintensities (WMH), as a feature of small vessel disease (SVD), seen in 79% of abnormal scans. Fifteen percent of patients had progressive ischaemic changes with 83% demonstrating progressive WMH and 33% new infarcts (predominantly lacunar) on sequential scans. Progression-free survival for progressive ischaemia was 88% at 5 years. Multivariate analysis showed longer follow-up was a risk for developing progressive ischaemia (odds ratio [OR] 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-1.86, p = 0.005). Hypertension (56% vs. 30%, p = 0.04) and ischaemic heart disease (22% vs. 6%, p = 0.04) were more prevalent with progressive ischaemia. There was no difference in progression or bleeding events according to VKA therapeutic intensity.DiscussionThese results show SVD is a common feature of APS using MRI with progressive changes despite anticoagulation. Traditional risk factors for cerebrovascular disease were associated with progression.