Battery thermal management systems for electric vehicles: an overview of cooling techniques and performance optimization

This manuscript presents a comprehensive study on the battery thermal management system (BTMS) for electric vehicles, focusing on the challenges of managing heat generation and ensuring optimal battery performance. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of different cooling methods such as air, liquid, phase change material, and hybrid cooling systems. Furthermore, it discusses the phenomenon of thermal runaway and the importance of preventing it through efficient thermal regulation. The term thermal runaway refers to an uncontrollable increase in battery temperature due to exothermic reactions, leading to failure of battery or even fire hazards. The review highlights the advantages and limitations of each cooling method, offering insights into recent advancements, experimental findings, and optimization strategies for enhancing BTMS performance. The study aims to offer practical guidance for improving the thermal performance of lithium-ion batteries to ensure vehicle safety, battery longevity, and enhanced energy efficiency. Additionally, the future research directions are also highlighted to reinforce the practical impact of present findings.s