Nonequilibrium dissolution behaviors and mass-transfer parameters for a CO2/heavy-oil 2 /heavy-oil system

CO2 2 nonequilibrium dissolution in heavy oil was thoroughly studied, and the relevant mass-transfer parameters were determined. Experiments were conducted at different scales, including a single ultrathin microfluidic channel and ultrathin bulk-phase cell. A continuum-scale simulator coupled with an external real-time programing command was developed to determine the mass-transfer parameters, including the intraphase effective diffusion coefficients and interphase nonequilibrium mass-transfer rates. The former were correlated with the solvent concentration and chemical potential of the system, while the latter were calculated using nonequilibrium chemical potential decay, which was correlated with the system pressure and free energy. The newly developed simulator was verified using literature data from various experimental scales, including PVT cells and microfluidics. The simulator incorporates the effect of nonequilibrium free energy on interphase mass transfer in quiescent molecular diffusion-dominated processes, providing a viable technique for accurately simulating continuum-scale mass transfer, particularly in solvent-based injection.