Relationship of Body Composition and Somatotype with Physical Activity Level and Nutrition Knowledge in Elite and Non-Elite Orienteering Athletes

Objectives: The primary aim of this single cross-sectional study was to identify the physical characteristics (anthropometric, somatotype, body composition) of orienteering athletes (OAs) and to compare them with nutrition knowledge (NK) and physical activity level (PAL). Methods: Data were collected from 58 subjects of seven countries, including Angola (n = 1), Brazil (n = 5), Poland (n = 1), Portugal (n = 26), South Africa (n = 1), Spain (n = 22) and Sweden (n = 2). The subjects included 10 elite (E) female (F) OAs [age: 25.5 +/- 6.4 years, body mass: 59.5 +/- 7.7 kg, stature: 168.1 +/- 6.5 cm, body mass index (BMI): 21.0 +/- 1.9 kg/m(2)], 13 E male (M) OAs (age: 24.3 +/- 5.0 years, body mass: 65.0 +/- 5.5 kg, stature: 175.1 +/- 6.0 cm, BMI: 21.3 +/- 2.2 kg/m(2)), 18 non-elite (NE) FOAs (age: 41.7 +/- 10.3 years, body mass: 60.6 +/- 8.5 kg, stature: 161.3 +/- 11.7 cm, BMI: 23.4 +/- 3.7 kg/m(2)), and 17 NEMOAs (age: 37.2 +/- 14.6 years, body mass: 71.5 +/- 14.2 kg, stature: 174.0 +/- 8.8 cm, BMI: 23.6 +/- 4.1 kg/m(2)). The participants were selected to ensure a diverse and representative sample of international-level orienteering athletes. Measurements were taken at two IOF world ranking events, the "Portugal "O" Meeting (POM)" and the "35 degrees Trofeo Internacional Murcia Costa C & aacute;lida", where only top-ranked orienteers compete. The selected participants from these seven countries were among the registered athletes in these international competitions. The OAs were measured according to the guidelines of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). NK was evaluated using the updated Abridged Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire (A-NSKQ). PAL was assessed using the short version of the self-reported International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Results: The percentage of body fat (p < 0.01) in MOAs was significantly lower than in FOAs. Endomorphy (p = 0.037) and mesomorphy (p = 0.025) in EOAs were significantly lower than in NEOAs, but ectomorphy (p = 0.038) was significantly higher. EMOAs are ectomorphic mesomorphs, while NEMOAs are balanced mesomorphs, EFOAs are central, and NEFOAs are endomorphic mesomorphs. Significant differences (p < 0.01) were also observed in sports nutrition knowledge (SNK) among EOAs and NEOAs, with the former group achieving a higher percentage of correct responses. In the case of total nutritional knowledge (TNK), EOAs of both sexes scored significantly higher (p = 0.043) than their NEOA counterparts. A significant negative correlation was also observed between percentage of body fat (%BF) and metabolic equivalent (MET) in minutes per week (min/week) (r = -0.39, p = 0.038), bone mass (BM) and MET-min/week (r = -0.40, p = 0.033), and endomorphy and SNK (r = -0.38, p = 0.045) in FOAs. Among MOAs, the most significant findings included a negative correlation between age and METmin/week (r = -0.49, p = 0.010), kilocalorie (kcal) per week (r = -0.46, p = 0.016), and SNK (r = -0.40, p = 0.029). Conclusions: The key findings indicate that EOAs have lower BF percentages and higher NK scores compared to NEOAs. These results on the physical characteristics of OAs and the score of PAL and classification of NK can be useful to coaches and sports scientists to improve orienteer's performance.